War

updated powerpoint -Andrew

WW I - trench warfare Vietnam

History Students - Describe the process of basic training, draft, majority of wounded/killed and social status.

HISTORY STUDENTS--Please contribute information on this page!
==== Psych Students - Describe the General Adaptation Syndrome, Effects of Sleep deprivation (and which sleep stages are most essential), etc.====

**Ed:** Ok, I'm in 2nd period psychology. Who else is in the group?
==== **General Adaptation Syndrome:** "__Definition__ General adaptation syndrome describes the body's short-term and long-term reaction to [|stress] . __Description __ Originally described by Hans De Solye in the 1920s, the general adaptation syndrome describes a three stage reaction to stress. Stressors in humans include physical stressors, such as [|starvation] , being hit by a car, or suffering through severe weather. Additionally, humans can suffer emotional or mental stress, such as the loss of a loved one, the inability to solve a problem, or even having a difficult day at work. **//Stage 1: Alarm reaction//** The first stage of the general adaptation stage, the alarm reaction, is the immediate reaction to a stressor. In the initial phase of stress, humans exhibit a "fight or flight" response, which causes one to be ready for physical activity. However, this initial response can also decrease the effectiveness of the immune system, making persons more susceptible to illness during this phase. <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 6)">**//Stage 2: Stage of resistance//** <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 6)">Stage 2 might also be named the stage of adaptation, instead of the stage of resistance. During this phase, if the stress continues, the body adapts to the stressors it is exposed to. Changes at many levels take place in order to reduce the effect of the stressor. For example, if the stressor is starvation (possibly due to anorexia), the person might experienced a reduced desire for physical activity to conserve energy, and the absorption of nutrients from food might be maximized. <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 6)">**//Stage 3: Stage of exhaustion//** <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 6)">At this stage, the stress has continued for some time. The body's resistance to the stress may gradually be reduced, or may collapse quickly. Generally, this means the immune system, and the body's ability to resist disease, may be almost totally eliminated. Patients who experience long-term stress may succumb to heart attacks or severe infection due to their reduced immunity. For example, a person with a stressful job may experience long-term stress that might lead to high blood pressure and an eventual <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 6)">[|heart attack] <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 6)">. <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 6)">**//Stress, a useful reaction?//** <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 6)">Although stress can lead to disease, a researcher named Huethner has suggested that long-term stress may cause humans to better adapt to their environment. He argues that severe, long-term stress can cause persons to reject long-held assumptions or behaviors, and that stress can actually help the brain make physical changes that reflect these mental or emotional changes. In short, stress might allow persons to change the way they think and act for the better." <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0)"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0)">Source: http://www.answers.com/topic/general-adaptation-syndrome-1 **Sleep Deprivation:** "This review discusses the need for sleep, effects of sleep deprivation on behaviour and performance in the military, and sleep management recommendations to optimise combat effectiveness. Most people, regardless of sex or race, prefer 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night. Sleeping during the day is less recuperative. Continuous sleep is more effective than multiple short naps-even when the total hours for naps is more. Ten to 20 minute naps are useful when continuous sleep is not possible. Sleep inertia is the 5 to 30 minute period of sluggishness after awakening and important military tasks should be avoided. Previously, continuous work episodes (CWEs) duration was restricted by limited night vision, unreliable equipment and reduced endurance of military personnel. With improved technology, CWEs are now restricted primarily by endurance which is affected by sleep deprivation. This was one of the experiences noted in recent conflicts (e.g. Desert Storm) by personnel in the air force, army and navy. Since there will be changes in operational requirements, several work-rest-sleep plans must be prepared. Sleeping the preferred 7 to 8 hours per 24 hours the week before an operation may help prepare for optimal performance. Personnel should be familiarised with conditions under which they may sleep. During combat, sleep management should ideally avoid situations where all personnel are exhausted at the same time. As sleep debt accumulates, a person's mood, motivation, attention, alertness, short-term memory, ability to complete routines, task performance (errors of omission more than errors of commission) and physical performance will become more negatively affected. Counter measures must then be taken (e.g. time for sleep or naps, changing routines or rotating jobs). Drugs like caffeine and amphetamine can help personnel stay awake. However, they may also keep them awake when they need to sleep- and on awakening, they could suffer from "hang-overs" and are less efficient. Sleep lost need not be replaced hour-for-hour. Therefore, after operations, personnel need continuous sleep for only 10 to 12 hours as longer sleep increases sleep inertia and delays getting back to normal schedules." Source: <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0)">[|http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9140584 </span]> ====

<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0)"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0)"><span style="color: rgb(13, 157, 231)">
====<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0)"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0)"><span style="color: rgb(13, 157, 231)">Mary Catherine: I'm in 1st period psychology. I have started a PowerPoint, feel free to add or make changes at any time, it is saved to the K drive and titled: WAR: 4th Quarter Project  ====

**<span style="color: rgb(237, 74, 168)">General Adaptation Syndrome: **
<span style="color: rgb(6, 224, 66)"><span style="color: rgb(84, 188, 242)"><span style="color: rgb(43, 154, 243)"><span style="color: rgb(96, 226, 60)"><span style="color: rgb(31, 239, 100)"><span style="color: rgb(36, 188, 52)">The body’s short-term and long-term reactions to stress. Hans Selye described it as a three-stage reaction to stress. 1st stage=alarm reaction; 2nd stage=stage of resistance; 3rd stage=stage of exhaustion During WWI this was called shell shock Scientist, Anokhin and Gorizontov introduced the stress theory in the Soviet Union Reduces a body's tolerance for physical pain, can result in decreased brain mass "Vietnam man handles three decades without sleep" Source: http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/common/standard/transform.jsp?requestURI=/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/general_adaptation_syndrome.jsp <span style="color: rgb(36, 188, 52)">"Treatment of stress-related illnesses typically involves one or more <span style="color: rgb(36, 188, 52)">[|stress reduction] <span style="color: rgb(36, 188, 52)"> strategies. Stress reduction strategies generally fall into one of three categories: avoiding stressors; changing one's reaction to the stressor(s); or relieving stress after the reaction to the stressor(s). Many mainstream as well as complementary or alternative (CAM) strategies for stress reduction, such as exercising, listening to music, <span style="color: rgb(36, 188, 52)">[|aromatherapy] <span style="color: rgb(36, 188, 52)">, and massage relieve stress after it occurs. <span style="color: rgb(36, 188, 52)">Many psychotherapeutic approaches attempt to modify the patient's reactions to stressors. These approaches often include an analysis of the patient's individual patterns of response to stress; for example, one commonly used set of categories describes people as "speed freaks," "worry warts," "cliff walkers," "loners," "basket cases," and "drifters." Each pattern has a recommended set of skills that the patient is encouraged to work on; for example, worry <span style="color: rgb(36, 188, 52)">[|warts] <span style="color: rgb(36, 188, 52)"> are advised to reframe their anxieties and then identify their core values and goals in order to take concrete action about their worries. In general, persons wishing to improve their management of stress should begin by consulting a medical professional with whom they feel comfortable to discuss which option, or combination of options, they can use. <span style="color: rgb(36, 188, 52)">Selye himself recommended an approach to stress that he described as "living wisely in accordance with natural laws." In his now-classic book //The Stress of Life// (1956)." Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/General+Adaptation+Syndrome Source: http://www.combatreform.com/acavarsenaltn.jpg Source: http://wps.cfc.forces.gc.ca/papers/csc/csc31/exnh/knippel_files/image002.gif
 * Treatment**

**<span style="color: rgb(127, 246, 121)"><span style="color: rgb(38, 171, 253)">Sleep Deprivation: **
<span style="color: rgb(107, 201, 250)"><span style="color: rgb(0, 165, 255)"><span style="color: rgb(10, 205, 76)"><span style="color: rgb(36, 188, 52)">"The forced deprivation of someone's necessary amount of sleep has been used in the interrogation of terrorist suspects to make them more amenable to providing information or confessions. There is some debate about whether sleep deprivation is a form of torture or one of a number of "stress and duress" techniques, and whether it is a legal and ethically acceptable in interrogation. According to the United Nations, sleep deprivation is a form of torture. The effects of sleep deprivation range from irritability, confusion and a decreased ability to concentrate, to loss of consciousness resulting from the failure of red blood cells to transport oxygen to the brain. Interrogators deprive suspects of sleep using several techniques, including flashing lights, loud music or extremely cold temperatures. Sleep deprivation has been used in a number of wartime settings, not only those involving terrorist suspects. The Soviet KGB plied sleep deprivation techniques during the Cold War, the Japanese deprived captured prisoners of sleep during World War II, and the British Army allegedly used the technique on IRA suspects in the 1970s."   Source: http://terrorism.about.com/od/s/g/SleepDeprive.htm Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Camp_x-ray_detainees.jpg Source: http://media.collegepublisher.com/media/paper851/stills/3f7122a009b99-92-1.jpg

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Andrew: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Basic Military Training (BMT), also called Basic Combat Training, Recruit Training and Boot Camp, is meant to prepare a new recruit for being a soldier. Recruits are exposed to a number of pressures not present in their everyday lives. Resocialization is the process of breaking down a recruit to reform them to a more suitable condition for military operation. Drill Sergeant’s often use aggression and yelling to intimidate the recruits. Recruits are required to perform many tedious and seemingly meaningless tasks, such as folding one’s clothes or shining one’s shoes, in order to get the recruits accustomed to taking orders. In addition, recruits are taught drill, responding to commands without hesitation. Drill helps recruits move in formation evenly when in service and conditions them for taking orders. Recruits are put through intense physical training in order to weed out the less able and the unwilling and to get them in shape for the conditions of battle. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">During World War I, Major General William Biddle of the Marine Corps instituted changes to the very primitive Marines training program. Biddle made two months of training mandatory for all people that enlisted and set up training centers across the country. Hand to hand combat training was implemented for new recruits during the war because trench warfare led to the most intense hand to hand combat in hundreds of years. During the Vietnam War, abuse in boot camp was extremely common. Many believe that this abuse transferred to the violence used by these soldiers in Vietnam. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Sources: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">[|http://www.dix.army.mil/history/history.htm</span]> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">[|http://www.articlecity.com/articles/men/article_37.shtml</span]> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">[|http://www.lib.utah.edu/epubs/undergrad/vol6/johnson.html</span]> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> Source: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">[|http://www.leatherneck.com/gallery/files/2/1/7/0/SgtHollon.jpg</span]>

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Draft <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">  The Selective Service System, or the draft, was used to recruit soldiers for war. If you were picked for the draft, it was mandatory that you enter service. Many people fled the country to dodge service to Canada and Mexico. In World War I, there were three draft registration dates. The first on June 5, 1917, drafted men between 21 and 31 years old. The second on June 5, 1918 was for men who had reached 21 after the last registration. The final draft registration on September 12, 1918, was for men aged 18 to 45 years of age. Over 24 million men in the U.S. registered for the draft. The draft returned for WWII and the Vietnam War. The first group to be drafted for the Vietnam War was men born on September 14. 850,000 men were involved for the Vietnam War lottery. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Sources: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">[|http://www.jewishgen.org/infofiles/wwidraft.htm</span]> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">[|http://www.landscaper.net/draft.htm</span]> Source: http://www.vietnampix.com/faces2b.htm

Wounded/Killed World War I had by the far the highest death toll of any war. Battles were fought over areas only a few miles wide and yet hundreds of thousands were killed in each battle. Out of a total number of over 4 million U.S. soldiers mobilized, 300,000 casualties (wounded or killed soldiers) were recorded, including 200,000 wounded and 100,000 killed. These numbers, however, pale in comparison to the losses of countries such as Great Britain and Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary had over 7 million casualties out of 7,800,000 total troops. The Vietnam War saw 58,000 U.S. deaths out of 350,000 casualties. Death percentages were actually about the same as in World War II but the number of wounded and severely disabled was 300 percent higher. The death percentages is somewhat surprising since, due to the heavy use of the helicopter, soldiers saw on average 240 days of battle per year as opposed to only 40 days in 4 years for World War II soldiers. Sources: [|http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0004617.htmlhttp://www.vhfcn.org/stat.html] Source: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=71299&rendTypeId=4

Social Status In general, public opinion on World War I was in favor of military intervention in Europe. Soldiers were supported by civilians in the U.S. by rationing and buying war bonds which was basically a loan to the government. During the Vietnam War, the public, especially the youth, was heavily opposed to the war. This led to pressure on the soldiers and decreased morale. Upon return home some soldiers were not celebrated but scorned. Nevertheless, veterans of the Vietnam War and World War I, as well as all other wars are still held in high regard among the public, because they served their country in a time of need whether they volunteered or not. The specific reasons for the war do not blind the public to the courage and patriotism shown by those veterans. Sources: [|http://www.iowanationalguard.com/Museum/IA_History/WWI.htmhttp://www.vhfcn.org/stat.html] Source: http://www.wunderground.com/data/wximagenew/f/Fharris558/177.jpg

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0)"> <span style="color: rgb(249, 47, 51)"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">Ed: I couldn't find your powerpoint on the K drive. I just saved a blank powerpoint to K titled "War" in a folder also called "War" on the K drive so we can all just add our parts to that if you want. Just waiting on the history people's info now. Go to "My Computer" then click "Media Files on ####K." Oh and don't forget APA citations.

Andrew: Hey, i'm in 5th period US History. Just wanted to let you know that the powerpoints you are saving on the K drive are not showing up for me. Information will be up shortly.

We'll need to use something other than the K drive to save the powerpoint as it is deleted daily.

http://www.vietnampix.com/intro.htm website from Stanford.

<span style="color: rgb(249, 47, 51)"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">send it as both a powerpoint file and a plain text file from microsoft word or notepad in case the powerpoint file won't open. i'll put them all together and email it to the teachers. do we have another person from a history class? if not, andrew you might have to post a few more history things for us to use. remember psych students are doing history slides, and history students are doing psych slides.
 * Ed:** ok so much for saving the powerpoints to K drives. how about everyone just type up their two powerpoint slides and then email them to me at specialed054@gmail.com

Andrew: I'm not sure who the other History student is, but I __will__ have the rest of the information up.


 * Ed:** ok andrew, i talked to mary catherine and we've divided up the history topics. if you can post info for draft, majority of wounded/killed, and social status then we'll hopefully finish our slides tomorrow afternoon. teachers put "WWI" and "Vietnam" at the top of this page, so i'm assuming those are the wars we're supposed to be focusing on. if you can make the four slides for the psych topics and email them to me sometime tomorrow, i'll try to put everything together and email it to the teachers.

Andrew: Alright, I can get it done.


 * Ed:** i'm guessing mary catherine uploaded a powerpoint to this page, so if everyone wants to add on to that it would be easier than emailing it to me. go to the top of the page, download the powerpoint, upload it again. to upload, click the tree picture in the editor box and browse for the file. let's try to get it finished by tonight (wednesday). so far we have slides for basic training and the draft.

Andrew: Since I am the last to have my class in the day, I can submit the powerpoint to the teachers. I won't be too pressed for time in getting the final slides together. I have all of 1st period tomorrow to get them together (an hour and thirty minutes) so there is no doubt that everything will be finished.

Andrew: Ok, all that needs to be done is for the last history slides to be made and the works cited. There are two titles in our current powerpoint so I will leave it to you two to choose.

Andrew: I emailed the powerpoint as it is now to them today as a precaution. Just those two slides left and a works cited?