Intelligence

History Students: describe: FBI, CIA, artificial intelligence (and use of intelligence), geniuses (Hitler, Einstein) Psych Students: discuss 1st IQ test - used for war, eugenics movement, artificial intelligence (in terms of how alike/different with human intelligence) Hannah: I combined our slides: [|intelligencepowerpoint.ppt] Anna Olson! [|intelligence.ppt]
 * **EUGENICS** is the study of or belief in the possibility of improving the qualities of the human species or a human population, esp. by such means as discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic defects or presumed to have inheritable undesirable traits (negative eugenics) or encouraging reproduction by persons presumed to have inheritable desirable traits (positive eugenics). Eugenics is a social [|philosophy] which advocates the improvement of [|human] [|hereditary] traits through various forms of intervention. [|[1]] Throughout history, eugenics has been regarded by its various advocates as a [|social responsibility], an [|altruistic] stance of a society, meant to create healthier and more [|intelligent] people, to save [|resources] , and lessen human [|suffering] . (Wikipedia)

IQ tests were used in this area because they tested people about how intelligent they were in the sense of whether or not to pass on their genes to others and have them reproduce. If the test shows mental retardation or something else they deemed undesirable, they chose not to have them reproduce becasue they thought that those people would not pass on desirable traits. (wikipedia)   || types of AI: http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node3.html
 * (emily - picture)[[image:Art_Intel.jpg caption="Artificial Intelligence Image"]]Artificial Intelligence (AI)** is the area of computer science focusing on creating machines that can engage on behaviors that humans consider intelligent. (http://library.thinkquest.org/2705/) Artificial intelligence is very useful for intelligence such as facts and computations, however when it comes down to common sense and opinions, that sort of intelligence is not accounted for well. It is very hard to make something that is not alive and that does not have feelings to have an opinion and make decisions for themselves.
 * game playing**
 * speech recognition**
 * understanding natural language**
 * computer vision**
 * expert systems**
 * heuristic classification**

Sanford-Binet was the first IQ test, done by Alfred Binet and his assistant Victor Henri in 1896. The tests were really meant for research on mentally retarted school kids (which brings in eugenics).


 * Emily** : IQ Tests continued: The term "quotient" refers to the the mathematical formula derived: Mental Age / Chronological Age x 100. The test was designed for individuals between the ages of 2.5 and young adult. The abilities measured by the test tend to level off around age 16, so testing after that stage does not always yield accurate results. Subtopics of IQ tests measure abilities such as factual knowledge, short-term memory, abstract reasoning, visual-spatial abilities, and common sense. There are cultural influences in IQ testing, so some testers are advantaged/disadvantaged in testing based on their own experiences. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford-Binet_Intelligence_Test

IQ Used in War: US army began using IQ tests during WWI. The results determined what fields/training recruits should receive. Two tests were developed by Lewis Termin and Robert Yerkes -- the Army Alpha (given to everyone, emphasized verbal intelligence/abilities) and the Army Beta (given to those who did poorly on the Alpha test, emphasized non-verbal skills). Army recruits took the alpha test and the results, analyzed after the war, showed that the avg recruit's mental age was near 13, considered mild retardation. Then, psychologists believed that the intelligence deficit was real, but since, psychologists have attributed the low scores to the inadequate levels of education provided to the the recruits. http://users.ipfw.edu/abbott/120/IntelligenceTests.html

Geniuses: Hitler and Einstein (141, 160, respectively) Accomplishments, birthdates, etc.

History:

CIA (emily - picture)

FBI (Emily - picture)


 * Hannah Johnson:**

Here is a brief history of the the CIA, FBI, and use of artificial intellegence..


 * (CIA)** It did not take long after WWII before President Truman recognized the need for a postwar, centralized intelligence organization. To establish a program that would help, Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 which established the CIA. The act also created a Director of Central Intelligence to serve as head of the United States intelligence community, act as the principal adviser to the President for intelligence matters related to the national security, and serve as head of the Central Intelligence Agency. More recently, on December 17, 2004, President George W. Bush signed the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act which abolished the position of Director of Central Intelligence and Deputy Director of Central Intelligence and created the position the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. The Act also created the position of Director of National Intelligence, which oversees the Intelligence Community and the National Counterterrorism Center.([|https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/index.html).]


 * (FBI)** The FBI originated from a force of Special Agents created in 1908 by Attorney General Charles Bonaparte during the Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. The two men first met when they both spoke at a meeting of the Baltimore Civil Service Reform Association. Roosevelt was a Civil Service Commissioner, who boasted of his reforms in federal law enforcement. This occured in 1892, when law enforcement was often political rather than professional. Roosevelt and Bonaparte both were "Progressives." They both believed thatthat efficiency and expertise, not political connections, should determine who could best serve in government. In 1908, Bonaparte applied that Progressive philosophy to the Department of Justice by creating a corps of Special Agents. It had neither a name nor an officially designated leader other than the Attorney General. However, these former detectives and Secret Service men were the forerunners of the FBI. (http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/text.htm).


 * (Artificial Intellegence)** The field of modern Artificial Intellegence research was founded at a conference on the campus of Dartmouth College in 1956. Those who attended, particularly John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, and Herbert Simon would become the leaders, and founded Artificial Intellegence laboratories at [|MIT], [|CMU] and [|Stanford]. They and their students wrote programs that were, to most people, simply astonishing-- computers were solving word problems in algebra, proving logical theorems and speaking English.By the mid 1960s their research was heavily funded by the [|U.S. Department of Defense] and they were optimistic about the future of the new field. In the early 80s, Artificial Intellegence research was revived by the success of [|expert systems] (a form of Artificial Intellegence program that simulated the knowledge and analytical skills of one or more human experts) and by 1985 the market for Artificial Intellegence had reached more than a billion dollars. (Wikipedia)